INTERNATIONAL TRADE RELATIONS
– Dr. Stuart Malawer -
ASSIGNMENTS
[The items marked
with * are required reading.]
CLASS I: Introduction & World Trade Organization – Pt. 1 (Global Trade & WTO).
2009 Update on Global Trade & Backdrop for the WTO Today.
- * "From Doha to Bretton Woods II." Foreign Affairs (Jan. / Feb. 2009).
- "Global Wave of Protectionism, Global Bailouts & WTO." Wall Street Journal (1.12.09).
- "Bush Legacy of Bitterness & Obama Congressional Trade Problems." Financial Times (1.16.09).
- Lamy, "Global Trade & Global Economic Crisis." (WTO 1.22.09); "Global Crisis & Trade Backlash." Wall Street Journal (1.31.09).
- Analysts are also bracing for nations to make excessive use of the legal tools now available to them to fight unfair trade, such as filing anti-dumping cases before the WTO." "Out of Gaps in Treaties, First Salvos in Trade War." Washington Post (2.1.09).
- "Better and tighter international coordination of economic policy through a strengthened multilateral system and a firm rejection of protectionism offer the best routes to overcoming the most serious global economic crisis since World War II, the 39th World Economic Forum Annual Meeting heard." Panel on the New Economic Era." (Davos Panel, January 2009).
- Financial Times page on "The New Protectionism."
- Two cartoons -- "Globalization Goes into Reverse" and "Belt Tightening."
- These articles indicate the great slowdown in global trade recently and the rise of "Economic Nationalism" (protectionism), at least the fear of it globally. "All Around the World, Trade is Shrinking." New York Times (2.28.09) and "The Dangers of Turning Inward." Wall Street Journal (March 1, 2009). This article is by Jeff Garten, former Dean at the Yale School of Management and former Undersecretary of International Trade, U.S. Dept. of Commerce. (Clinton Administration).
- The World Bank has identified many newer protectionist measures. "Protectionist Trends." World Bank -- Trade Notes (March 2, 2009).
o ** Sourcebook: ”Overview of WTO System & WTO Litigation.” 2-107.
o Video: “From GATT to WTO – Achievements & Challenges.” (online video). (For outline click here).
o ** Malawer, “Trade Agreements &
Uruguay Round,” "
o * Lamy, “Terrorism & Global Trade Rules.” (Speech by WTO D-G Lamy 9.8.07).
o * Lamy, "The Place of the WTO in the International Legal Order." (2008); Lamy, “Place of WTO Law in International Legal Order.” (2006).
-
*Lamy "WTO & Global Governance. " (2006); Lamy, *"Global Economic Governance." (2008).
-
**
o "Korean protests against import of U.S. Beef." (2008).
o
“G-8 Riots in Geneva.” (June 2003).
o
“Terrorism (World Trade Center
9/11).”
o
“Cancun
Ministerial (Korean Farmer).” (September 2003).
o
“Cancun Ministerial (Cotton).”
(September 2003).
o “Hong Kong Ministerial (WTO).” (December 2005).
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CLASS II: World Trade
Organization – Pt. 2 (Trade System & Doha Trade Negotiations).
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o ** Sourcebook: ”Selected WTO
Agreements.” 282-443.
o **
Malawer, “Trade Agreements &
Uruguay Round,” "
o * Lamy, " 'Geneva Consensus': Trade &
Development." (10.30.06).
o **Video: “Ministerial Conference –
o ** “DOHA Ministerial Declaration.” (November 20, 2001).
o ** Video: “To the Heart of the WTO (Brazil & Norway).” (January 2003). (For outline click here) (Online video).
o “10 Benefits of WTO Trading System.”
o “10 Common Misunderstandings.”
o
WTO Website (Dept. of State
Information Office.)
o Agricultural Trade Negotiations (Foreign Agricultural Service, USDA)
o Note:
o 2008 WTO Negotiations Package
o "Davos & Doha." Financial Times (2.2.09).
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CLASS III. World Trade Organization
– Pt. 3 (Dispute Resolution System).
[Teams & Topics to be Assigned.]
o ** Sourcebook: ”Selected Articles” (Five Lessons & 10-Year
Review) 213-247; “DSU Agreement” 308-327 (Articles 3, 19, 21, 22) .
o * Video: “Solving Trade Disputes.” (For outline click here) (Online video).
o *Video: Map of DSU Disputes (2009).
o **Malawer, "World Trade Organization & Dispute Resolution." esp. #37-41 (2009). (PowerPoint).
o
**Malawer,
"WTO Litigation &
Consultation -- 10 Years of Experience." (July 2005). (PDF
version).
o
** Malawer, "U.S.-China
Litigation Offensive in the WTO" (2007). (PDF
version).
o
** Lawrence, “The
U.S. & the WTO Dispute Settlement System.” (Council on Foreign
Relations 2007).
o Recent statistics from the WTO / AB . 2006 WTO / AB Annual Report (2007) and 2008 WTO / AB Annual Report (2009).
o
* “EU & the DSU.” (EU site).
o
Note on NAFTA Dispute Settlement:
o
USTR
website for NAFTA Dispute Settlement.
o
U.S.
State Dept. website on NAFTA Chapter 11 disputes.
o
NAFTA
dispute settlement site.
o
Official
Website: Free Trade Area of the Americas
(FTAA).
o
Updates:
o Good one-page summaries of WTO cases. WTO Dispute Settlement: Case Summaries (WTO 2008).
CLASS IV. WTO – Pt 4.
(DSU Continued).
o ** Sourcebook: ”Summary of WTO Litigated
Decisions.” 443-675.
o **Malawer, "World Trade Organization & Dispute Resolution." #42 - #49 (basic) and # 50 - # 81 (practice) (2009). (PowerPoint).
o * Research Note –
- *USTR -- Monitoring & Enforcement.
- *WTO -- Dispute Settlement.
- *[List of all DSU Cases & Summaries.]
- *WTO Dispute Settlement: Case Summaries (WTO 2008).
- "Snapshot of Cases Involving the United States." (Updated by USTR 2008).
- “Summary of Settled Cases Involving the U.S. (yearly 2007) (USTR).”
- "Update of WTO Dispute Settlement Cases" (Updated by the WTO Secretariat periodically).
- 2007 Case Update (10.31.07).
- WTO -- NGO Papers Received (WTO).
- * Update WTO Cases & the U.S. [Oct. 2008 – Feb. 2009].
- * Update -- Data on WTO Cases (2.23.09).
o * Note –
o Litigation in the WTO as supplanting negotiations (when they fail) is criticized by some as "jurisprudential overreach" -- as well as "investor-state litigation" under other treaties concerning direct investments. "How Lawsuits are Coming to Dictate the Terms of Trade." Financial Times (3.20.2007).
o ** "Coherence -- WTO Dispute Settlement Panel Discussion ." 1-10 (2007 Public Forum 2008).
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CLASS V: WTO – Pt. 5 (Selected Issues, E-Commerce & Outsourcing.)
Dumping; Subsidies; Safeguards.
o ** Sourcebook: ”Selected Article (Global Governance &
E-Commerce).” 239-246, 251 -260; “GAO Reports (
o
*“Antidumping
– Third Rail,” Foreign Affairs (Nov. – Dec. 2005).
o
* The WTO has recently
released its new report on antidumping duties. The EU initiated the highest
number of new cases for the last six months of 2006 and
o
* The number of new
safeguard investigations were 5 for January 2008 - November
2008. The number had peaked in 2002 with 34. The
investigations were initiated by Brazil, Egypt, Indonesia,
Philippines and Turkey. India has initiated the most with 15.
"Report
Decline in Safeguard Investigations." WTO News
(11.17.08).
E-Commerce & Global Trade.
o
“WTO &
E-Commerce.” (WTO E-Commerce website).
o
Malawer, “Global
Governance of E-Commerce: Recent Developments.” (2003).
o
Malawer, “Internet
Commerce & Trade Policy.” (1999).
o
** Malawer,
"E-Commerce & Global Trade." esp. # 10, # 13, 17-19,
24, 26 (2008) (PowerPoint).
o "DOHA Declaration & E-Commerce Mandate." (2001).
o Note: EU trade issues.
o EU
External Trade – Home Page
o * EU PowerPoint--"The European Union Trade Policy." (EU, October 2006).
o Note:
o U.S. International Trade Commission
o
Dept.
of Commerce --- International Trade Administration (Import Administration)
o United States Trade Representative (USTR).
o Note:
International institutions.
o “International
Trade Centre (WTO –UNCTAD).”
o
WIPO: Arbitration &
Mediation.
o
*ITU Introduction (About the ITU).
o
International
Chamber of Commerce (ICC)
o Millennium Development Goals (WTO, ITC
& UNCTAD).
* Global Outsourcing.
o
* Blinder,
"Outsourcing." (Foreign Affairs March - April 2006).
o
*Offshoring: U.S. Semiconductor
and Software Industries Increasingly Produce in China and India (GAO Sept. 7, 2006).
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CLASSES VI – VII: [ Team Presentations– WTO / DSU Cases: Recent Cases. ]
CLASS VIII:
…
[Mid-term Exam.] …
CLASS IX:
·
** Malawer,
“Trade Agreements & Uruguay Round,”
"
· U.S. Constitution. (Constitution Edited.)
·
Consumers Union v. Kissinger
(DC. Cir. 1974). ("Separation of Powers .... Congressional Authority ....
Delegation of Legislative Power.... Executive Action ....Voluntary Restraint
Arrangements").
·
*United States v. Curtis-Wright Export
Corp. (
·
*Burma
Trade Sanctions Case (
·
*Youngstown Case (
· *Malawer, "State Trade Sanctions." (PowerPoint 2007).
·
*“Fast
Track” & Trade Agreements.” Malawer, "Fast Track
& Trade Agreements.”
· Suggested background reading for history and politics of U.S. trade policy -- Destler, American Trade Politics (2005).
· "Federal-State Trade Relations." (2007).
CLASSES X:
· *United States v. Aluminum Co. of America 148 F.2d 416 (2d Cir. 1945) (“The "Alcoa Case").
-
*Malawer, “Global Antitrust.” # 1-4, 11-12, 13-16, 29-31 (2009). (PowerPoint).
-
·
Link to
·
" International Advisory Committee."
·
International Antitrust Documents
(International Division).
Foreign
Competition Rules.
q * “Competition Policy & WTO.”
(Click here).
q * Link to International
Documents from the Antitrust Division of the
q Links to national antitrust offices worldwide. (Click here).
q
“International Competition Network. (ICN)”
q Database of national competition laws. (Click here).
q OECD & Competition. (Click here).
q UNCTAD & Competition Policy. (Click here).
Important
Developments.
q An executive for Hitachi was indicted in his role of global price-fixing for LCD panels sold to Dell. Previously Hitachi plead guilty. "Hitachi Executive Indicted for LCD Price-fixing." DOJ Press Release (March 31, 2009).
q Two criminal pleas in global
price-fixing cases: Infineon
Technologies (December 2004) and Bayer AG
(November 2004). One of
the largest criminal global price-fixing cases (involving foreign chip makers)
was settled for $300 million. This is the largest antitrust fine during
the Bush administration and the second largest ever. This opens the way
for multi-billion civil litigation against computer makers. "Samsung
Settlement." DOJ Press Release. (Oct. 13, 2005).
q A Japanese company has plead guilty to criminal price-fixing conspiracy and agreed to pay an $84 million fine. “Elpida Memory (DRAM).” (DOJ News 1.30.06).
q Three Samsung executives have agreed to plea
guilty and to serve jail time in the
q * Recent indictments for global price-fixing
conspiracies have involved Korean chip makers (Samsung and Hynix). "Three Executives Indicted in Dram
Price-Fixing & Bid-Rigging Conspiracy." DOJ Press
Release (10.18.06).
q Korean Airline & British Airways plead guilty to global price-fixing charges and agreed to pay $300 million fine each. (DOJ Press Release 8.23.07).
CLASSES XI:
·
**Malawer,
"Extraterritoriality: Export
Controls, Trade Sanctions & Governance.) "
· ** Malawer, “Global
Mergers & National Security.” Virginia Lawyer (December
2006);**Malawer,
"Global Mergers & National Security." #2, #34 - #36, #40 - # 50
(2009) (PowerPoint)
o
** New
Legislation -- "Foreign
Investment National Security Act." (July 2007).
o
“National Security Reviews.”
(GAO March 23, 2007);
· Export Controls.
-
Basics of Export Controls. (BIS) (2005).
q Reexport Controls
(2003).
q
Update -- ITT has been fined 100 million dollars
for violating export ITT
has been fined 100 million dollars for violating arms export control
legislation to
· *Office of Foreign Asset Control (Treasury) – Trade Sanctions.”
o Trade Sanctions & Terrorism.
o
SEC -- Link of
Firms & State Sponsored Terrorism.
o U.S. Dept. of State -- State
Sponsor of Terrorism.
o Syria Accountability Act. (2003).
o Iran & Libya Sanctions Act. (1996).
o Iran Freedom Support Act.
(2006).
o Iran-Libya Sanctions Act
(GAO Report 2005).
o * “Economic
Sanctions, Reconsidered” (2007) (“Conclusions”).
o Cuban Trade Sanctions (GAO
Report, December 2007).
o Iranian Trade Sanctions (GAO
Report, January 2008).
· Financial Transactions & Counterterrorism.
o ** U.S. Dept. of Justice, National Security Division.
o Terrorism & Financial
Intelligence (Treasury Dept.)
o U.S.
Government Links (Terrorism)
o U.N. Links (Terrorism).
o "Freezing Terrorist Funds --Chart -- Four Regimes Worldwide." Washington Post (11.2.08)
-
U.S. World wide Taxation System, Tax Deferral (Export Subsidy) and Tax Havens.
OECD programs (tax havens, model tax convention, taxation of bribery, exchange information and transfer-pricing guidelines). The OECD views taxation as integral to trade and investment and impacts economic development and transactional flows. The OECD produces model treaties and standards to be voluntarily adhere to by states that normally require adoption by states as international obligations and as national legislation. This involves both creating international obligations and "harmonizing" national legislation.
· ** Foreign Corrupt Practices Act & Antiboycott Legislation:
o
* Reporting boycott request online.
q OECD Convention on Combating Bribery (1999).
q U.N.
Convention against Corruption (2005).
q World
Bank Corruption & Governance.
§ Corruption Index (2005).
· Updates:
·
Money
laundering and terrorism is a huge problem that the Treasury Department and
other financial enforcement authorities are addressing. "Remarks by
Under-Secretary of Treasury for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence."
· “GAO Report – Export Controls – Inefficiencies.” (March 2007).
· Cartoon: “BAE & British Court Reversal of Blair Dismissal.” (FT 4.12.08);"Lawyers Cashing in on Corporate Corruption -- FCPA." Washington Post (4.25.08).
· China's new monopoly law has been applied to mergers and is considered to raise significant issues concerning cross-border mergers into China. "China's Monopoly Regime." Financial Times (5.4.09).
q Note on Foreign
Direct Investment into the
·
The
President signed new legislation in October 2007 -- "The Foreign
Investment National Security Act" that provides for revamping of CFIUS
& a full 90-day investigations of takeovers by government-owned companies
or directly by foreign governments (Sovereign
Wealth Funds). New Legislation --
"Foreign
Investment National Security Act." (2007).
·
Sovereign
funds, mergers and national security are discussed in "The Deal Story of 2008." Wall
Street Journal (11.20.07). "But the
mergers-and-acquisition story of 2008 will be how these foreign sovereign funds
... direct their appetites." "We have not fully grasped what is
happening here, and we have no counterstrategy." "Tighter economic
ties create less incentive for war and terrorism."
· U.S. is the largest FDI abroad and largest host state of FDI. U.S. FDI Abroad. (GAO Report 2007).
·
U.N. Principles for Responsible
Investment (PRI)
(ESG - environmental, social and corporate governance issues). Joint project
by UNEP
Finance Initiative with
the U.N. Global Compact. For private sector entities to adhere to in
investment decisions.
CLASS XII:
o ** Sourcebook: ”Overview of
o **Malawer, “Import Relief Legislation, Retaliation & Trade Sanctions,” U.S. Law & Global Trade. (PPt 2008) (Slides # 21 - # 32) (Click here).
-
**International Trade Commission website: Antidumping/ Subsidies, Global / Special Safeguards, IPR (§ 337).
-
**International Trade Administration, U.S. Dept. of Commerce website: Import Administration, Trade Remedy Compliance, Market Access & Compliance.
o **“Statutory
Provisions Related to Import Relief.” (1998) .
o A / D &
CVD Actions (USITC site).
·
Note
on Trade Barriers:
·
** “2007
National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers.” (by USTR).
·
** "2007 Trade Policy Agenda / 2006
Annual Report." (2007)
(United States Trade Representative).
·
“2006 Special 301 Report (USTR).
· “Japan’s Report on Trade Barriers.” (“Report on the WTO Consistency of Trade Policies by Major Trading Partners”) (Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade & Industry).
·
· *Trade Compliance Center (Dept. of Commerce).
· USITC Annual Year in Review (2006) (USITC 2007).
·
Note
on FDA & Food & Drug Imports. Imports Programs
and International Programs.
The FDA regulates the imports of food drugs in cooperation with
·
Note
on
o *Official
website of USITC (import
transactions).
o
** The U.S.
Court of International Trade has refused to stop an action on subsidies
(against China) that is pursuant to the U.S. government's new determination
that imports from non-market economies (NME) may be considered a subsidy and
thus subject to countervailing duties. This is a reversal of 23 years of
o
International
Trade Administration of the
o
U.S. International Trade Commission.
o Export Promotion. (Click here).
o
*“DOC / Chief Counsel for International
Commerce.”
·
Additional:
· *Good
legislative summary and source material for all trade laws: "Overview
and Compilation of U.S. Trade Statutes" (2003) (
- Note on U.S. Tariff Schedule -- U.S. Harmonized Tariff Schedules (USITC -- Tariff Information Center).
- * Recent Supreme Court Case on Antidumping (2009) -- The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that antidumping legislation applies only to import of goods and not to service contracts. U.S. v. Eurodif (S. Ct. January 26, 2009).
- * Newer Trade Issues (Biofuel Subsidies & Carbon Tariffs. -- Proposals for imposing tariffs on products that are produced by use of high CO2 emissions are potentially in violation of WTO obligations and could be a form of protectionism and which could make heavy U.S. industries less competitive, so argues an editorial in the Wall Street Journal. "Cap and Trade War -- Carbon Tariff." Wall Street Journal (3.31.09). The carbon tariff is potentially a newer trade dispute along with the subsidization of biofuels.
CLASS XIII: Bush Trade Legacy, Rules-Based System, Trade & Financial Crisis, Obama's Trade Policies.
U.S. Trade
Policy: President Bush’s Trade Legacy & Obama's Agenda.
-
* Obama's tax proposals concerning multinational corporations and global trade raises issues of jobs and global competitiveness. "Firms Face New Tax Curbs." Wall Street Journal (5.4.09); "Multinational Firms Face Tighter Tax Rules (Off-Shore Tax Avoidance)." Wall Street Journal (5.4.09); "Obama & Multinationals -- Tax Deferral, Foreign Tax Credits and Transfer-Pricing." New York Times (5.5.09).
-
* First major statement by the new USTR Kirk reaffirming the importance of WTO negotiations, litigation and pursuing a progressive trade policy benefiting the U.S. and global recovery. "Trade and Economic Agenda: American Families and Global Recovery." USTR Remarks (4.23.09).
-
Bush trade legacy particularly in concluding new bilaterals and litigating new DSU cases. "Bush Trade Legacy & New USTR." USTR News Release (12.20.08); "Bush Administration Trade Accomplishments." FACTS (USTR December 2008).
-
Review of President Bush's Trade Policies in the Trade Agenda Review (USTR 2008).
-
"America Needs a Bipartisan Coalition on Trade (Financial Times 11.07.08).
-
Bush, Global Financial Markets (White House 11.13.08).
-
"Bush Pushes Trans-Pacific Free Trade." Wall Street Journal (11.24.08).
Global Financial Crisis & Globalization.
-
The G-20 Final Communique (London Summit) contains various provisions concerning financial regulation, the Financial Stability Board, OECD tax haven secrecy / sanctions, protectionism, trade / investment promotion, and the WTO. "Final G-20 Communique -- Global Plan for Recovery and Reform (London Summit)." (April 2, 2009). See, OECD, Standards for Exchange of Tax Information (OECD Website 2009)
-
Lamy, "Stabilizing Influence of a Rules-Based Trading System." (WTO News Oct. 27, 2008).
-
"There is, therefore, a need for more and better global rules. But there is also need for domestic policies which are coherent and complementary to the global ones. "Economics & Politics of Trade." WTO News (11.17.08).
-
Good article discussing economic policy, foreign policy, national security, new international rules and global economic institutions in the Obama presidency. "Forget State vs. Treasury." New York Times (11.30.08).
-
Lamy, "Global Financial Regulation (Financial Crisis) & Global Trade Negotiations (Doha)." (WTO 10.20.2008).
-
"Global Crisis & Local Cash -- Understanding the Local Implications." (New York Times Nov. 2, 2008).
-
Globalization and the New Nationalism Collide." Financial Times (10.24.08).
-
Destler, "Conclusion -- Making America Fit for Globalization." American Trade Politics (4th ed. 2005).
-
Global Financial Summit Declaration (G-20) (Washington, D.C. 11.15.08).
-
Politics of International Economic Law (USTR-ASIL 11.14.08).
-
The World Bank has identified many newer protectionist measures. "Protectionist Trends." World Bank -- Trade Notes (March 2, 2009).
-
The WTO reports the decline in global trade will be 9%. WTO Press Release (March 23, 2009).
-
"Financial and Economic Crisis and Trade-Related Developments." (WTO Report, March 26, 2009).
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